By Adele Annesi

Word for Words is by author Adele Annesi. For Adele's website, visit Adele Annesi.

Wednesday, May 30, 2012

The Art of Feeling: The Role of Emotions in Scenes

Emotions in scenes reveal character
Why show emotions in scenes instead of telling how characters feel? Because readers like discovery it respects their dignity and intellect. But how do emotions function, what should they reveal, and how can writers deal with their own discoveries?

The best approach to writing an emotional scene is to reveal character and advance plot, preferably both at once.

Here's an example:

Bill slammed the garage door. "I told you I didn't want you coming home until you found work."
"But, Dad." Dave slouched against the car. "I'm not cut out for anything."

In two lines, the characters show who they are, how they relate to each other and several major problems.

Caveat: Writers sometimes include information that's new to them, but shouldn't be. Describing Dave as tall in this scene wouldn't add anything, but saying he slouched hints at the same and reveals his mood, if not his personality.

Tip: Writers often make their own discoveries while writing scenes, and wonder whether what they've found is a legitimate character trait, or an anomaly. When you discover something new about a character, rather than stop the scene to ponder it, complete the scene to see how it plays out. Then give yourself time away before rereading the scene and considering how the discovery affects other characters and the plot. If you keep the scene, revise it for as many main characters as are in it. Consider setting a character.

What difficult scene are you working on?

Happy writing!

For more on writing, visit Adele's Online Workshop.

Saturday, May 5, 2012

Find the Heart, and You'll Find the Tone

To emotionally invest in a story, readers need to trust the writer, and a writer who creates a serious story with a tongue-in-cheek tone is suspect. Irony and disingenuous narrators aside, it's best to match tone with story and theme.
Match tone with story and theme

While the tone of a piece can vary somewhat by scene, it's best to be consistent throughout. A work can be satirical, ironic, somber, exuberant, even triumphant. Each tone has a spectrum, but it varies by shade, not color. An uneven tone leaves readers questioning the characters, the real point of the story and, ultimately, the writer's motive.

How do you find the tone that best matches your piece? One way is to distill the story into a log line — a description of the work in 25 words or fewer.

Here's an example:
A woman with Alzheimer's fears she won't get the chance to tell her estranged daughter she still loves her.

What's the action word? Fear. It's the heart of the story, and sets the tone of the piece. The log line also sets the story's context, because it shows whose tale is being told. Yes, the work is partly about the daughter, but it's mostly about the mother's fear of unfinished business, and important business, at that.

To find your tone, it's important to know your story and your characters, but especially to know the heart of the piece. The "this is a story about" core of it. Keep that before you, and you'll keep an even tone — and an even keel.

For more on this important element of fiction, see "The 3 Most Important Elements of Fiction Writing," by Magdalena Ball.

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

A Compelling Case: Lessons From Law & Order

Law and Order has much to teach writers about dialogue, raising the stakes in a story and plot twists. Recently, four words grabbed my attention the importance of a compelling case.
Compelling scenes draw readers

As the district attorney, the order side of the process, lamented the lack of evidence from the law side, I saw the parallel to writing. It's not necessary to convince readers of a concept or theme, merely to make a compelling case for the plausibility of the world and the people the writer created.

Al though the key word is "compelling," there's a world of difference between convincingly presenting a story and grabbing readers by the collar.

Consider these examples:

"If I've told you once," he said, waving his hands, "I've told you a thousand times you must come with me. I'm telling you, it's life or death we're talking."

"I've asked before," he said, "I know, but I've got to ask again come with me. Don't make me beg."

Notice that the word "you" is used four times in some form in the first example, not once in second. Which is more compelling?

Exercise: For inspiration, visit your local café, and write a scene that's over the top, dramatic. Put it aside for a week, and work on other stories, then return, do a save-as and pare the scene to its essentials. Which is more compelling?

Advanced Exercise: To take the edited scene to the next level, consolidate long phrases, replace ambiguous words with precise ones, and revise every cliché. This can be a first step to solid flash fiction. If you prefer the first example above, consider this:

"I've told you a thousand times you must come. It's life and death we're talking."

Resources: For more on writing compelling scenes, visit WritingWorld.com and "Components of a Good Opening Scene."

Monday, April 2, 2012

Best of Both Worlds: Journalism Principles for Opening Paragraphs

Strong leads capture reader interest
You may recall, before our poetic interlude, that we were talking about using the journalistic style of crafting a good lead to craft a good opening to a short story or novel.

To get us back in the grove, a good nonfiction lead must include the five Ws and an H: who, what, where, when, why and how. And usually, when it comes to leads, shorter is better. This approach to writing a first paragraph or creating or recreating an entire story works for fiction, too.

Last time, we began with the lead, and used this object lesson:

Select a nonfiction story you've written one you like and have written recently and edit the lead to conform to the journalistic style. If you're looking for ideas for new stories, scan your local newspaper (print sometimes works better), select a story that grabs you and follow the same steps.

To that exercise, let's add this to address the "who" of the story:

Revise the lead paragraph(s) to the each main character by name, and the other primary characters by allusion. Introducing too many characters at once can muddy a piece, but hinting at what's to come whets the reader's appetite.

Tip: The advantage of this approach is that it offers the best of both worlds — the unbounded quality of fiction and the grounded quality of nonfiction.

For more on opening paragraphs, see this from Writer's Digest: "10 Ways to Start Your Story Better." 

Happy writing!      

Wednesday, March 21, 2012

Charles Rafferty: Poetic Journey From Craft to Art

Charles Rafferty, poet
Award-winning poet Charles Rafferty has a new chapbook entitled Appetites with Clemson University Press. Head of the low-residency Master of Fine Arts program at Albertus Magnus College, and a consummate professional, Charles speaks candidly of diligence in the revision process and of patience two nearly lost qualities, but essential for the journey from craft to art.

Appetites, poetry
AA: What was the inspiration for this book of poems?

CR: I don't think there was one particular inspiration. Some of the poems in this collection are more than 10 years old; others were written in the past year or so. I've been steadily working on them. I'm not someone who puts much stock in inspiration anyway. Yes, there are those moments when we're "hot," but most of the work in finishing a poem (at least for me) comes with revision — and the willingness to let poems sit around until the mistakes float to the surface. One of the oldest, "The Lesson of Less Light," was started from an "actual moment" back in 1988 or 1989. I generally don't write autobiographical poems, at least not explicitly, but this one did start that way. I couldn't get it to work though and put it aside until about 2003, at which time I started working on a cycle of "state poems" — one poem for every state in the country. This was my Oklahoma poem. Ultimately, though, that collection proved to be a bad idea, but I was able to salvage this poem from it.


AA: How did you select which poems to use?

CR: I basically tried to have each of the poems touch on the notion of appetite or desire. And many of these poems are persona poems or dramatic monologues. So they seemed to cohere together fairly well. It was really just a matter of me deciding that "Appetites" was a good title, and then spreading all of my poems on the basement floor. Then I put a check mark on anything that seemed to talk about appetite or desire. It was really just a matter of sifting.

AA: What was the biggest obstacle to completing the work?

CR: Having a life, I suppose.:-) It's just difficult to find time to write when I have a busy job and family life. I make a point of writing every day though — even if it's just for small amount of time. If I can finish a draft of something every day, I feel like I've done good. One of these poems — "The Man Explains His Sourvenirs" — started back in 1989 when I found an actual pig's tooth in the woods. It didn't exist as more than a handful of lines, though, none of which are still in the poem. Then, about five years ago, I was working on a cycle of poems based on the White Album by the Beatles. I resurrected this poem as the one that would make people think of Harrison's song "Piggies." Obviously, they have little in common, and the poem sequence was ultimately a terrible idea. But I got a few good poems out of it.

AA: What would you say is different about this compilation, compared with your past work?

CR: I'm struck by the similarities to my other work, rather than to the differences. My first book, The Man on the Tower, employed many similar techniques — persona poems, dramatic monologues, poems with speakers who are obviously flawed. The difference in this book, I suppose, is that the desire that drives them is more mature, and maybe more desperate.

Charles Rafferty heads the low-residency Master of Fine Arts program at Albertus Magnus College. He has authored four collections of poetry: The Man on the Tower (winner of the Arkansas Poetry Award), Where the Glories of April Lead, During the Beauty Shortage and A Less Fabulous Infinity. His poems have appeared in The Southern Review, TriQuarterly, Quarterly West, Poetry East, Connecticut Review, Massachusetts Review, and DoubleTake. His work also appeared in several anthologies, including Carnegie Mellon University Press: American Poetry: The Next Generation. He received the Robinson Jeffers Tor House Prize for Poetry, the Brodine/Brodinsky Poetry Prize, a grant from the Connecticut Commission on the Arts, and a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. His "The Man Explains His Souvenirs," appeared in The New Yorker.